Japan – MAIS

PART 1: COUNTRY PROFILE

A. NAME OF THE COUNTRY

Official Name: Japan
Abbreviation: JPN

B. NATIONAL FLAG

C. NATIONAL ANTHEM

Japan has one of the oldest national anthems in the world. ‘Kimigayo’ is the country’s single-verse national anthem, based on the words of a classical Japanese waka poem written by an unknown author during Japan’s Heian period (794–1185). As well as being one of the oldest known national anthems, it is also the world’s shortest, standing at just a single verse.

NOTE: There is no official English translation of Kimigayo. The above is a common unofficial version.

D. GEOGRAPHY

Japan is an archipelagic country situated along the Pacific coast of East Asia. It comprises a stratovolcanic archipelago stretching over 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles). The country consists of a total of 14,125 islands, with the five main ones being Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Okinawa. The terrain is predominantly rugged, volcanic, and mountainous, with approximately 66% forest cover.

Japan’s highest peak is the iconic Mount Fuji, soaring to 3,776 meters (12,388 feet) above sea level. The country experiences diverse climates, from tropical in the south to cool continental in the north. Frequent earthquakes, tsunamis, and stratovolcanoes result from its location on multiple tectonic plates. Japan’s unique climate and landscape have fostered a rich diversity of flora and fauna, including rare endemic species. Japan’s geography is a captivating blend of volcanic peaks, lush forests, and a dynamic coastal environment.

E. CLIMATE

Japan's climate is quite diverse due to its location stretching from north to south along a chain of islands.

Four Distinct Seasons:

Here is Japan's climate by region:

NOTE:

● Typhoons: These tropical cyclones can occur between May and November, primarily affecting southern Japan.
● Humidity: Especially during the summer months, high humidity levels can make the heat feel even more intense.

F. PEOPLE

Japan’s current population is approximately 122.6 million as of January 2024. Japan is home to a unique and ancient ethnic group known as the Yamato people (or Yamato-minzoku). These individuals are native to the Japanese archipelago and constitute an overwhelming 97.6% of the country’s population. Their cultural identity is deeply intertwined with Japan’s rich history, traditions, and language.

Beyond the Yamato, Japan’s ethnic landscape includes other groups with distinct roots:

1. Ryukyuan People: The Ryukyu Islands, located to the south of mainland Japan, are inhabited by the Ryukyuan people. While they share historical connections with the Yamato, their culture, language, and customs set them apart.

2. Ainu People: Indigenous to northern Japan, the Ainu people have inhabited Hokkaido and parts of the Tohoku region for centuries. Their unique language, spiritual beliefs, and artistic expressions reflect a rich cultural heritage.
In recent decades, Japan has also seen an increase in individuals with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, including those of mixed heritage. These individuals contribute to the country’s evolving identity and add to its cultural diversity.

G. LANGUAGE

The main language spoken in Japan is Nihongo.

● Dialects: Several regional dialects exist throughout Japan, although Standard Japanese (Hyōjungo or Kyōtsūgo), based on the Tokyo dialect, is widely used in education, media, and formal settings.

● Writing System: Japanese uses a complex writing system that combines three main components:
○ Kanji (漢字): Thousands of Chinese characters adopted and adapted for Japanese with unique readings and meanings.
○ Hiragana (ひらがな): A syllabary of 46 characters used for grammatical elements and native Japanese words.
○ Katakana (カタカナ): Another syllabary of 46 characters primarily used for foreign words and emphasis.

H RELIGION

Religion in Japan is a fascinating blend of ancient traditions, syncretism, and a unique perspective on spirituality.

Here are the key aspects:
1. Shinto is the indigenous religion of Japan. It focuses on ritual practices to connect present-day Japan with its ancient roots. Shinto rituals involve worshiping ancestors and spirits at domestic altars and public shrines. Approximately 80% of the populace follows Shinto rituals to some degree.

2. Buddhism is another major faith in Japan. Nearly 80% of the population identifies as Buddhist. Syncretic combinations of Shinto and Buddhism, known as shinbutsu-shūgō, were common before the rise of State Shinto in the 19th century.

3. Eclectic Spirituality is the Japanese concept of religion that differs from Western culture. Doctrines and beliefs receive minor attention. Instead, rituals associated with well-being and worldly benefits take precedence. Religious affiliation is not emphasized.

4. Plurality of Beliefs: Many Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism simultaneously. Some identify as “without religion”, affirming regular religiosity while rejecting distinct movements perceived as foreign or extreme.

Interesting Facts:

● Home Altars: Many Japanese households have a Buddhist altar (butsudan) and a Shinto shrine (kamidana) reflecting this blending of beliefs.

● Festivals and Ceremonies: Many traditional Japanese festivals and ceremonies have religious roots, although they may be celebrated in a more secular way today.

I. POLITICAL SYSTEM

Japan's political system operates within the framework of a dominant-party bicameral parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The Emperor serves as the symbolic head of state, with ceremonial roles but no political powers, while the Prime Minister leads the government and Cabinet, overseeing the executive branch. Legislative authority is vested in the National Diet, comprising the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. Judicial power is held by the Supreme Court and lower courts, with sovereignty resting with the Japanese people as per the 1947 Constitution.

Post-war politics have been largely characterized by the dominance of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), with 24 out of 31 prime ministers since the end of the occupation belonging to the LDP. This has led to Japan being described as a de facto one-party state due to the LDP's continuous rule.

J. ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Japan’s economic system is a highly developed social market economy, often referred to as an East Asian model. It is the 4th-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, trailing only the United States, China, and Germany. Japan’s economic landscape combines elements of a market economy with strategic planning. Major industries include automotive, electronics, machinery manufacturing, and services such as finance and tourism. The country’s economic success is built on innovation, export-oriented production, and a skilled workforce.

K. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Japan's educational system is renowned worldwide for its focus on academic excellence, discipline, and innovation. It mandates compulsory education from ages 6 to 15, spanning elementary and lower secondary levels.

The structure comprises three stages:

● Elementary school (grades 1-6)
● Lower secondary school (grades 7-9)
● Upper secondary school (grades 10-12).

The curriculum focuses on core subjects like mathematics, science, Japanese language, and social studies form the curriculum, supplemented by moral education, arts, music, and foreign languages, notably English. Standardized testing, especially entrance exams, holds significant weight for advancement, particularly into upper secondary school and universities. Upper secondary education, although not obligatory, offers academic and vocational tracks, while universities, both public and private, provide diverse programs, with admission to top institutions being fiercely competitive.

Teaching is esteemed, with educators undergoing diligent training, and cultural values like discipline, respect, and group harmony are deeply ingrained. Innovative practices, such as technology integration and emphasis on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education, underscore Japan's commitment to preparing students for the complexities of the modern world.

PART 2: IMMIGRATION POLICIES

A. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

1. Valid Passport
Ensure that your passport is valid for at least six (6) months from your planned date of entry into Japan. Additionally, your passport should have at least two (2) blank pages for immigration stamps.

2. Visa Requirement
If you are not a citizen of a visa-exempt country or your stay exceeds the visa-free period, you will need to apply for a visa at a Japanese embassy or consulate in your home country. Japan offers various visa types for different purposes, such as tourism, business, cultural exchange, or visiting family/friends.
Citizens of 70 countries and regions can enter Japan for short-term stays (usually 90 days) without a visa.

Here is the complete list from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan website:

● ASIA: Brunei (14 days), Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand (15 days), Hongkong, Macao, and Taiwan.
● NORTH AMERICA: Canada and the United States.
● LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Mexico, Surinam, and Uruguay.
● OCEANIA: Australia and New Zealand.
● MIDDLE EAST: Israel. Qatar, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates.
● AFRICA: Lesotho, Mauritius, and Tunisia.
● EUROPE: Andorra, Austria, Belgium. Bulgaria, Croatia. Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, North Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

Note: Visa requirements can change, so double-check with the nearest Japanese embassy or consulate before your trip. Your passport's validity requirements may vary by country. Ensure it's valid for the required period after entering Japan. Even with a visa-exempt status, some nationalities may require Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) before travel. Check the Japan National Tourism Organization website for details: [www.japan.travel/en/]

Here are some resources to help you further:

● Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan - VISA: mofa.go.jp: https://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/visa/index.html
● Japan National Tourism Organization - Japan Visa Requirements: https://jp.usembassy.gov/services/welcomebacktojapan/

B. PERMANENT RESIDENT CARD

A Permanent Resident Card (Zairyū Kādo) in Japan is essentially your ID card as a permanent resident. It signifies your permanent resident status and grants you several benefits.

What it is:
● A physical card issued by Japanese immigration authorities.
● Valid for seven years, with renewals required.

What it grants you:
● Proof of your permanent resident status in Japan
● Allows you to live and work in Japan indefinitely without restrictions based on your visa status

What it doesn't replace:
● Re-entry Permit (Sai-nyūkokukyoku): If you plan to leave Japan for an extended period or over a year, you'll still need a Re-entry Permit to return.

Obtaining a Permanent Resident Card:
● You will receive the card after your application for permanent residency is approved.
● The application process typically involves submitting various documents and undergoing an interview.

Renewal:
● You need to renew your Permanent Resident Card every seven years.
● The renewal process is generally simpler than the initial application.

NOTE:

1. Always carry your Permanent Resident Card: It's required by law for permanent residents aged 16 and over.
2. Lost or stolen card: Report it immediately to the immigration authorities.
3. Benefits beyond ID: May improve access to public housing and loans from Japanese banks compared to temporary visa holders.

For more information and the latest guidelines, refer to the official Japanese government resources:

● Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan - VISA: [https://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/visa/index.html](https://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/visa/index.html)
● Japan Immigration Services Agency (出入国在留管理庁): [https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/] (https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/) (Japanese only)

C. ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP

In Japan, acquisition of citizenship follows specific criteria outlined by the Nationality Act.

Generally, there are four primary ways to acquire Japanese citizenship:

1. By Birth: if one or both parents are Japanese citizens at the time of birth, the child automatically acquires Japanese citizenship. However, if the child is born outside Japan and only the father is a Japanese citizen, Japanese nationality may not be conferred if certain conditions aren't met.
2. By Notification: foreigners who have resided in Japan for a specified period usually at least five years, and meet certain conditions, including being of good conduct and having the ability to sustain themselves financially, may apply for naturalization. Successful applicants are granted Japanese citizenship.
3. By Descent: if a child is born to a Japanese father and a non-Japanese mother, they can acquire Japanese citizenship if the birth is reported within a specific timeframe and other requirements are met.
4. By Special Naturalization: in exceptional cases, individuals may be granted Japanese citizenship through special naturalization, such as those with exceptional talents or contributions to Japan, or those who demonstrate significant ties to the country.

Requirements for naturalization and acquisition of Japanese citizenship:

● At least 5 years of residence in Japan
● Of legal age and capable of judgment
● Recognized good behavior
● Able to live independently
● Not a dual citizen (loss of original citizenship if the application is approved)
● No involvement in anti-social forces

Read this: https://www.ph.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100325630.pdf

D. SPONSORSHIP

In Japan, sponsorship typically refers to a system where a resident or organization provides financial or logistical support to a foreign national for various purposes, such as employment, education, or residency.

How Sponsorship Works

● The sponsoring resident or organization initiates the process by applying for a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) with the immigration bureau. This COE is a document confirming your eligibility to reside or work in Japan for that specific company and position. Once you receive the COE, you can apply for your resident or work visa at a Japanese embassy or consulate in your home country.

E. LAWS AFFECTING SPOUSES OF JAPAN'S CITIZENS

Spouses of Japanese citizens are subject to various laws and regulations in Japan, particularly concerning annulment, divorce, domestic violence, and other related matters.

1. Annulment

Japan recognizes annulment of marriage under specific conditions outlined in the Civil Code. An application for annulment can be made to the court by either spouse, a relative of either spouse, or a public prosecutor in the following situations:

● Underage Marriage: If one or both spouses were under the legal marriageable age at the time of the wedding (currently 18 years old in Japan).
● Mental Incapacity: If one spouse was mentally incompetent and unable to understand the nature of the marriage at the time of the ceremony.
● Duress or Coercion: If one spouse was forced into marriage through threat or violence.
● Bigamy: If either spouse was already legally married to someone else at the time of the marriage in question.
● Incestuous Marriage: If the marriage is between close relatives prohibited by law from marrying.

If an annulment is granted, the marriage is considered to have never been legally valid. This can have implications for:
○ Division of Property: Assets acquired during the purported marriage may not be subject to division as in a divorce.
○ Children: If children were born during the marriage, their legal status will need to be determined by the court, potentially involving paternity testing and child custody arrangements.

2. Divorce

Divorce in Japan, known as "Rikon," can be pursued either through mutual agreement between the spouses or through unilateral petitioning by one spouse.

Methods of Divorce:

● Divorce by Agreement (Kyogi Rikon): This is the most common and simplest method, accounting for roughly 90% of divorces in Japan. It requires mutual consent from both spouses on all aspects of the divorce, including:

○ Division of property
○ Child custody (if applicable)
○ Spousal support (if applicable)
○ Any other relevant matters

The couple submits a signed and sealed divorce agreement to their local ward office to finalize the process.

● Divorce Through Mediation (Chotei Rikon): If the couple cannot agree on all aspects but want to avoid litigation, they can attempt mediation through a family court judge or a mediator. This process involves attending mediation sessions and working towards a mutually agreeable solution.

● Divorce by Litigation (Saiban Rikon): This is the least common option and should be considered a last resort due to its time-consuming and expensive nature. It involves filing a lawsuit with the family court, outlining the reasons for divorce and the desired outcome. The court will make decisions regarding property division, child custody, and spousal support based on the evidence presented.

While mutual consent is the most common reason, there are other grounds for divorce in Japan through litigation:

● Adultery
● Cruelty or maltreatment
● Desertion for one year or more
● Mental illness that makes cohabitation difficult or impossible for three years or more
● Imprisonment with a sentence of three years or more

Important Considerations:

● Spousal Support: In some cases, one spouse may be entitled to spousal support from the other, especially if they have limited earning capacity or were the primary caregiver for children.
● Child Custody and Visitation: If there are children involved, the divorce agreement or court decision will determine child custody arrangements and visitation rights.
● Division of Property: Japanese law generally follows a separate property system, meaning assets acquired before marriage remain separate. However, assets acquired during the marriage may be considered jointly owned and subject to division. Couples can also choose a different property regime through a prenuptial agreement.

3. Domestic Violence

Domestic violence, particularly by spouses, is a serious problem in Japan. Statistics suggest a concerning rate, with estimates suggesting 1 in 3 people in Japan have experienced some form of domestic violence from a spouse (physical, sexual, verbal, or psychological). Underreporting is likely due to social stigma and fear of repercussions.

Types of Abuse:

● Physical: Hitting, kicking, assault.
● Sexual: Rape, unwanted sexual contact.
● Verbal: Insults, threats, humiliation.
● Emotional: Controlling behavior, isolation, gaslighting.
● Economic: Withholding financial resources, preventing employment.

Challenges:

● Social Stigma: Societal pressure often encourages victims to stay silent and prioritize the family unit.
● Limited Awareness: Public awareness of domestic violence as a crime is increasing, but more needs to be done.
● Language Barriers: Foreign nationals facing domestic violence may have difficulty seeking help due to language barriers.

Laws and Support:

● Legal Framework: The Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims (2001) offers a legal framework:
○ Protection orders
○ Access to shelters for victims
● Support Services: Hotlines, counseling centers, and shelters are available, although resources might be limited in some areas.
● Police Involvement: Domestic violence is a crime, and victims can report incidents to the police.

If you are experiencing domestic violence in Japan, here are some steps you can take:

● Contact a trusted friend, family member, or support organization for help.
● If you are in immediate danger, call the police (110).
● If possible, document any incidents of violence to support potential legal action.

Important Note:

● DV Hotline Plus: 24/7 support hotline in Japanese and 10 other languages (including English): 0120-279-889 (Website primarily in Japanese)
● TELL Lifeline: Multilingual crisis support hotline offering support in English and Japanese: 03-5774-4998 https://telljp.com/
● National Police Agency: While their website has limited English resources, you can contact your local police department in case of an emergency: 110 https://www.npa.go.jp/english/

F. DEPORTATION

Deportation in Japan refers to the removal of a foreign national from the country for violating immigration laws.

Reasons for Deportation:

● Overstaying a Visa: If a foreign national remains in Japan after their visa expires, they risk deportation.
● Violating Visa Conditions: Working on a tourist visa, for example, is a violation and can lead to deportation.
● Criminal Activity: Being convicted of a crime, especially a serious one, can result in deportation.
● Failure to Maintain Status: Not fulfilling the requirements of your visa status (e.g., attending school on a student visa) could lead to deportation proceedings.
● Other reasons for deportation might include posing a threat to national security or public health.

F. DEPORTATION

Deportation in Japan refers to the removal of a foreign national from the country for violating immigration laws.

Reasons for Deportation:

● Overstaying a Visa: If a foreign national remains in Japan after their visa expires, they risk deportation.
● Violating Visa Conditions: Working on a tourist visa, for example, is a violation and can lead to deportation.
● Criminal Activity: Being convicted of a crime, especially a serious one, can result in deportation.
● Failure to Maintain Status: Not fulfilling the requirements of your visa status (e.g., attending school on a student visa) could lead to deportation proceedings.
● Other reasons for deportation might include posing a threat to national security or public health.

PART III – LABOR LAWS

A. GENERAL LABOR POLICIES

1. Working Hours

Standard Workweek:
● The Labor Standards Act establishes a 40-hour workweek as the principle. This translates to a maximum of 8 hours per day, excluding breaks.
Overtime:
● Anything exceeding 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week is considered overtime and requires overtime pay.
○ Overtime pay is typically at least 25% of the regular wage for the first 60 hours in a month, and even higher for exceeding that.
● There are legal limits on overtime work to promote work-style reform and prevent excessive working hours. The cap is generally 100 hours per month, with exceptions for specific industries or emergencies.
Government Initiatives:
● The government is actively pushing for work-style reform. This includes initiatives to:
○ Encourage employees to utilize their paid leave.
○ Discourage excessive overtime.
○ Promote a better work-life balance.

NOTE:

Familiarize yourself with your employment contract and company policies regarding working hours and overtime. Communicate openly with your manager about your workload and limitations. Take advantage of your paid leave and breaks. Prioritize your well-being and do not feel pressured to stay late unnecessarily.

2. Minimum wages
Japan's minimum wage is interesting because it is not a single national rate, but rather a weighted national average. It refers to the average minimum wage across all prefectures (regions). As of April 2023, the national weighted average was ¥961 per hour (approximately $6.49 USD).

Each prefecture in Japan has its own minimum wage, which can be higher or lower than the national average.

Generally, major cities like Tokyo tend to have higher minimum wages than rural areas.

Example:
● Tokyo has the highest minimum wage in Japan, at ¥1,113 per hour (as of October 2023).
● Conversely, Iwate Prefecture has one of the lowest minimum wages, at ¥893 per hour (as of October 2023).

NOTE: You can find the minimum wage for your specific region by checking the website of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) or the local labor bureau.

3. Leaves

In Japan, employees are entitled to various types of work leaves, which are regulated by labor laws and company policies.

Paid Leave:
● Annual Leave: This is the main type of paid leave for employees in Japan. The minimum number of days is mandated by law and increases with seniority. Typically, it starts at 10 days and goes up to 20 days for employees with over 6.5 years of service. Some companies might offer even more generous leave policies.

● National Holidays: Japan has 16 national holidays throughout the year, offering paid days off for employees. These include holidays like New Year's Day, Golden Week (a cluster of holidays in April/May), and Respect for the Aged Day.

● Special Leave: Many companies offer additional paid leave options depending on their policies and industry standards. Some examples include:

○ Sick Leave: Provides employees with paid time off when they are unwell.
○ Bereavement Leave: Offers paid leave to attend funerals or grieve the loss of a loved one.
○ Childcare Leave: Provides time off for parental responsibilities, such as childbirth or childcare needs.

4. Retirement Age

Historically, many companies in Japan had a mandatory retirement age of 60 years old. However, in recent years, the legal framework has been changing to promote longer working lives. The Act on Stable Employment of Elderly Persons was amended to raise the national retirement age to 65 years old.

In today's circumstance, companies are not required to set a mandatory retirement age. However, if they do, it cannot be lower than 60 years old. Companies that maintain a mandatory retirement age of 60 are typically required to offer re-employment options to their employees until they reach 65. These re-employment positions might involve different contracts or work arrangements.

Effective Retirement Age:
● Despite the legal changes, the average effective retirement age in Japan remains higher than 65.
● Many people continue to work past the legal or company-mandated retirement age.
Reasons for Later Retirement:
● Financial Security: The rising cost of living and a maturing population can make it necessary for some people to keep working longer to ensure financial security in retirement.
● Work Culture: The traditional work ethic and emphasis on seniority can influence people to stay in the workforce longer.
The government is likely to continue its efforts to promote work-style reform, encouraging a better work-life balance and potentially influencing future retirement trends.

5. Labor Agreement
The system functions through a well-coordinated interplay of various elements:

Legal Framework
● The Labor Standards Act (LSA): This cornerstone legislation sets the minimum standards for working conditions, encompassing aspects like:
○ Maximum work hours and overtime regulations
○ Paid leave entitlements
○ Minimum wage variations based on region
○ Protection against workplace discrimination

● Supplementary Laws (additional legislation addresses specific areas):
○ Equal Employment Opportunity Law: Ensures fair treatment in hiring and promotions.
○ Industrial Safety and Health Act: Guarantees workplace safety standards.
Employment Contracts

● Individualized Agreements: Employment contracts, though not always mandatory, are prevalent in Japan. These contracts typically detail the specific terms for each worker, including:
○ Job duties and responsibilities
○ Salary and benefit structures
○ Working hours and overtime policies
○ Leave allowances
○ Termination procedures

B. EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGN WORKERS

Japan's labor market is experiencing a significant shift, with an increasing reliance on foreign workers.

Motivations for Hiring Foreign Workers

● Labor Shortages: Japan's aging population and low birth rate have created labor shortages across various industries, prompting companies to seek foreign talent.
● Filling Skill Gaps: Foreign workers can bring specialized skills and qualifications that might not be readily available in the domestic workforce.

Types of Foreign Workers

● Highly Skilled Professionals: The Japanese government has programs to attract highly skilled professionals in specific fields like engineering, IT, and finance. These workers typically hold recognized qualifications and specialized knowledge.
● Technical Trainees: This program allows foreign workers to acquire skills and experience in specific trades under the supervision of Japanese companies.
● Specified Skilled Workers: A relatively new program designed to address labor shortages in specific industries like construction, nursing care, and agriculture. These workers may not require the same level of expertise as highly skilled professionals.

Challenges and Considerations

● Language Barriers: Communication challenges can exist between foreign workers and Japanese colleagues. Companies might need to provide language training or implement strategies to bridge the gap.
● Cultural Differences: Adapting to a new work culture and social environment can be challenging for foreign workers. Companies fostering a welcoming and inclusive work environment are crucial.
● Regulations and Processes: Navigating the legalities and visa processes for foreign workers can be complex. Consulting with immigration specialists is recommended for employers.

PART IV – SOCIAL SECURITY LAWS

A. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER

In Japan, the equivalent of a Social Security Number is known as the My Number. This unique 12-digit identification number is assigned to all residents, including both Japanese citizens and foreign residents. Here’s what you need to know about the My Number system:
1. What is the My Number?
○ The My Number serves as an identification number for tax and social security purposes.
○ It streamlines administrative procedures, enhances tax compliance, and ensures efficient public service delivery in Japan.
2. Obtaining a My Number:
○ Every resident of Japan receives a My Number from their local municipal office.
○ Foreign residents registered in the Basic Resident Register are also eligible for a My Number.
○ It’s essential to notify the municipal office of any changes to personal information (such as name or address) to maintain accurate records.
3. Use of My Number for Tax Purposes:
○ The My Number is crucial for various tax-related matters in Japan.
○ It is required when:
■ Filing tax returns
■ Making tax payments
■ Conducting other tax-related transactions
○ Employers use it to report employee income, and financial institutions use it for specific financial transactions.
4. My Number Card:
○ Individuals receive a My Number Card, which contains their My Number and other personal information.
○ The card serves as an official identification document and is used for administrative procedures, including tax-related matters.
○ It’s essential to keep the My Number Card secure and report any loss or theft promptly.
5. Filing Tax Returns:
○ When filing tax returns in Japan, individuals must provide their My Number.
○ The My Number verifies the taxpayer’s identity and links the tax return to their personal records.
○ Failure to provide the My Number or providing incorrect information may result in penalties or processing delays.

B. BANK ACCOUNT

Opening a bank account in Japan is essential for managing your finances.
What you need to know
1. Types of Bank Accounts
○ The most common type is the futsū yokin, which translates to a regular deposit account.
2. Requirements for Opening a Bank Account:
○ Valid ID: This can be your passport, residence card (zariyu card), national health insurance card, or a driver’s license issued in Japan.
○ Proof of Residency Status: Your residence card (zariyu card) serves as proof.
○ Fixed Address in Japan: A copy of a recent utility bill (in your name) can also serve as proof of address.
○ Japan-based phone number: Some banks require this.
○ Employment/Student Info: The bank may ask for validation of your employment or student status.
○ Hanko (Name Stamp): You’ll need a hanko (personal seal) for official documents.
3. Process for Opening a Bank Account:
○ Visit your local bank branch.
○ Fill in the application form (consider taking a friend who speaks Japanese).
○ You’ll usually receive your passbook immediately.
○ Your bank card will arrive by mail a few days later.
Remember that Japan still relies heavily on cash transactions, and cheques are not commonly used. However, transferring money via ATMs or online is straightforward.

C. WHERE TO GET HELP

In Japan, you can seek help during emergencies by contacting the following numbers:
1. Fire Department or Ambulance (119)
○ Dial 119 in the event of a fire or medical emergency.
○ While English (and a handful of other foreign languages) is supported (they will connect to a 3rd-party interpreter), this may take some time.
○ It’s prudent to learn enough Japanese to convey essential phrases:
■ For a fire: “火事です” (kaji desu)
■ When an ambulance is needed: “救急” (Kyūkyū)
○ If you’re unsure whether you need an ambulance, call #7119.
○ Remember that the operator will answer in Japanese, but English is generally supported.
2. Police (110)
○ Dial 110 to contact the police.
○ Use this number if you’re involved in a minor traffic accident or need to report a crime.
3. Other Emergency Numbers
○ If you are in trouble at sea within Japanese waters, contact the Japanese Coast Guard at 118.
○ During disasters (such as earthquakes), dial 171 to record a voice message for automatic notification to friends or family.
○ Dial 189 to report child abuse.
Remember to stay safe and seek assistance promptly during emergencies. Japan 24-Hour Helpline also offers interpretation and support for non-Japanese speakers in various daily tasks.

D. JAPANESE CLASSES

If you want to learn Japanese you have various options to enhance your language skills.
1. Japanese Language Schools: These schools, sponsored by educational institutions and businesses, offer basic Japanese courses along with university preparation and business Japanese programs. Admission typically occurs in April or October, with some schools offering programs starting in January or July.
2. Vocational School Japanese Language Programs: Provided in vocational schools approved by prefectural governors, these programs offer basic Japanese courses and higher education preparation, often with student benefits such as discounts.
3. Private University and Junior College Programs for International Students: Established by universities or junior colleges, these programs offer technical education at a simplified level, preparing international students for further studies in Japan.
4. Short Courses on Japanese: Institutions offer short courses for individuals already in Japan or planning to move there, focusing on improving Japanese language proficiency, such as the Intensive Japanese (short-term) programs.

E. DRIVER'S LICENSE

Getting a driver's license in Japan involves a few steps, and whether you take a traditional route or a shortcut depends on your experience.
Here is a breakdown of the two options:
Option 1: Attending a Designated Driving School
● This is the most common and generally recommended route, especially for those with no prior driving experience.
● Designated driving schools are approved by the government and offer a structured curriculum that meets all licensing requirements.
Option 2: Non-Designated Driving School or Private Instruction
● This option allows more flexibility if you already have some driving experience or prefer a non-Japanese language environment.
○ You can choose a non-designated driving school or even practice with a licensed driver (over 30 years old with at least 10 years of experience holding the desired class of license).
NOTE: You will need to pass both the written and practical driving tests at a Driver's License Examination Center, which can be more challenging without the structured training of a designated school.
General Steps:
1. Gather Required Documents: Prepare documents like passport, residence card, vision test certificate from a certified clinic.
2. Apply for Learner's Permit: Visit your local Driver's License Examination Center to apply for the learner's permit. You'll likely need to pass a written knowledge test.
3. Driving Lessons:
○ For Option 1: Enroll in a designated driving school and complete their curriculum which typically includes classroom lectures and practical training.
○ For Option 2: Take lessons at a non-designated school or practice with a licensed driver.
4. Written Test: Take the computer-based written test on traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices.
5. Practical Driving Test (if required): Demonstrate your driving skills in a controlled environment on a designated course.
6. Receive Driver's License: Upon passing all tests, you will be issued your Japanese driver's license.

PART V – SETTLEMENT CONCERNS

PART VI – SUPPORT NETWORK